Inheritance

A class can build on another with extends, inheriting its fields and methods while adding or overriding behavior. Zeus uses single inheritance with dynamic dispatch — a method call through a base-typed reference always runs the most-derived override.

Extending a class

Use extends to derive one class from another. The derived class inherits every field and method of its base:

class Counter {
  public count: i32;
  constructor() { this.count = 0; }

  public bump(): i32 {
    this.count = this.count + 1;
    return this.count;
  }
}

class Fancy extends Counter {
  public tag: i32;
  constructor() {
    super();          // run the base constructor first
    this.count = 41;  // then set the inherited field
    this.tag = 7;     // ...and the class's own field
  }
}

let f: Fancy = new Fancy();
console.log(f.bump());    // base method mutates the inherited field => 42

Fancy carries the inherited count field and bump method alongside its own tag field. A base method operates on the inherited field even when called on a derived instance.

Overriding methods

A derived class replaces an inherited method by declaring one with the same name. Overrides are dispatched dynamically: the object’s actual class decides which implementation runs, even through a base-typed reference.

class Animal {
  public sound(): i32 { return 0; }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
  public sound(): i32 { return 42; }
}

let a: Animal = new Dog();
console.log(a.sound());   // Dog.sound() via dynamic dispatch => 42

Polymorphism

Because a derived instance is a base instance, you can pass it wherever the base type is expected — an upcast. Virtual methods still dispatch to the derived override:

class Shape {
  public area(): i32 { return 0; }
}

class Square extends Shape {
  public s: i32;
  constructor(s: i32) { this.s = s; }
  public area(): i32 { return this.s * this.s; }
}

function describe(sh: Shape): i32 {
  return sh.area();   // runs the concrete override
}

let sq: Square = new Square(6);
console.log(describe(sq) + 6);   // 36 + 6 => 42

Calling the base with `super`

Inside an override, super.method() calls the base implementation, letting you extend inherited behavior instead of replacing it. A super call is non-virtual — it always runs the base version, never the override:

class Animal {
  public sound(): i32 { return 10; }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
  public sound(): i32 { return super.sound() + 32; }
}

let a: Animal = new Dog();
console.log(a.sound());   // Dog.sound (virtual) -> super.sound (base) + 32 => 42

Constructors and `super(...)`

When a derived class defines its own constructor, it calls the base constructor with super(...) to initialize the inherited fields:

class Animal {
  public legs: i32;
  constructor(legs: i32) { this.legs = legs; }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
  public tail: i32;
  constructor(legs: i32, tail: i32) {
    super(legs);       // initialize the base part first
    this.tail = tail;  // then the derived part
  }
}

let d: Dog = new Dog(40, 2);
console.log(d.legs + d.tail);   // 42

Inherited constructors

A derived class with no constructor of its own inherits the base constructor. new Derived(args) forwards straight to it:

class Base {
  public v: i32;
  constructor(v: i32) { this.v = v; }
}

class Derived extends Base { }

let d: Derived = new Derived(42);
console.log(d.v);   // 42

Multi-level inheritance

Inheritance chains any number of levels deep. Overrides and inherited members resolve through the whole chain:

class A {
  public who(): i32 { return 1; }
  public gift(): i32 { return 40; }
}

class B extends A {
  public who(): i32 { return 2; }   // override
}

class C extends B { }               // inherits B.who and A.gift

let c: A = new C();
console.log(c.who() + c.gift());   // 2 (from B) + 40 (from A) => 42

Constructors chain the same way — each level calls super(...) on the level above it. Static members are shared down the chain too; see Static Members.